Maciej Wojtkowski, Prof.
Professor of Physics (2003), habilitation in Physics (2010) at the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
ICTER Chair and POB Group Leader
Biomedical Imaging
Description
Prof. Maciej Wojtkowski, born in 1975, is a physicist with a distinguished career in applied optics, medical physics, and experimental physics. He began his scientific journey at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he earned his MSc, PhD, and Habilitation degrees in Physics. His early research included international appointments as a researcher at the University of Vienna and later at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Tufts New England Eye Center in Boston, USA.
Prof. Wojtkowski is a pioneer of SdOCT
Prof. Wojtkowski is one of the pioneers in the development of the spectral domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SdOCT), also known as the Fourier domain OCT method. He is a key inventor of the first prototype clinical SdOCT device for eye imaging, which revolutionized the non-invasive diagnosis of eye diseases. This device was developed at Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland, becoming a standard tool in ophthalmology clinics worldwide.
Prof. Wojtkowski, together with Prof. Rainer Leitgeb and Prof. Johannes De Boer, has played a leading role in the development of SdOCT. His main achievements are related to the translation of the method into ophthalmic practice. In 2000, Prof. Wojtkowski was the first in the world to build a laboratory system for SdOCT eye imaging at Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń. Together with Prof. Leitgeb, they demonstrated the first retinal imaging results in 2002, published in the Journal of Biomedical Optics (JBO). The method described in this publication became the foundation for OCT device design.
In 2003, Prof. Wojtkowski achieved a major breakthrough by experimentally demonstrating SdOCT retinal imaging with an acquisition time of 64 microseconds (~15kHz), providing the world’s first experimental evidence that SdOCT enables safe in vivo retinal imaging more than 50 times faster than standard time-domain OCT, with comparable sensitivity and sample illumination. With this work, he opened up previously unattainable possibilities for 3-D imaging of the eye.
The same year, he conducted pioneering experiments demonstrating high-resolution 3-micron imaging of the retina and cornea using supercontinuum light generated in a photonic optical fiber, with the first examples of 3-D imaging published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology in 2004 after rejection in Nature Medicine in 2003.
During his time at MIT (2003-2005), Prof. Wojtkowski further advanced OCT by demonstrating high-quality 3-D imaging of the human retina and cornea, introducing retinal morphometric analysis based on a raster measurement protocol, which has since become the gold standard in ophthalmic diagnostics and is used in all current clinical devices. His team at NCU also introduced the use of SdOCT for imaging corneal disorders. Prof. Wojtkowski developed the first three clinical SdOCT devices for ophthalmic imaging, which were tested at Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston USA,
Jurasz Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Poland and UPMC in Pittsburgh, USA enabling clinical validation and subsequent commercialization of SdOCT method. In addition, Prof. Wojtkowski and his team at NCU made significant contributions to OCT angiography, Doppler imaging, speckle contrast reduction, and quantitative methods for SdOCT data analysis.
In 2019, his team at International Centre for Translational Eye Research (ICTER) Warsaw, Poland introduced the spatio-temporal OCT method, extending OCT’s functionality to include flicker optoretinography and high-resolution imaging of the chorio-retinal complex.
Advancing Two-photon Vision and Two-photon Imaging
Prof. Wojtkowski also made groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of two-photon vision. In 2014, he led a study that illuminated the phenomenon of two-photon vision, proving the role of two-photon absorption in the isomerization of retinal pigments that cause visual sensations. In 2021, he and his colleagues achieved another milestone by presenting the first-ever images of the human retina measured with two-photon excited fluorescence in vivo.
Prof. Wojtkowski’s scientific leadership
Since 2016, Prof. Wojtkowski has headed the Department of Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPC PAS). In 2019, he co-founded the International Center for Translational Eye Research (ICTER), a part of IPC PAS, furthering his vision of integrating physics and biomedical research to advance eye health.
ICTER focuses on cutting-edge translational research in vision science, combining fundamental science with clinical applications. Under Prof. Wojtkowski’s leadership, ICTER has achieved significant milestones, including winning the prestigious Horizon Europe Teaming for Excellence grant in 2024. It is also a two-time recipient of the International Research Agendas Programme (IRAP) grant from the Foundation for Polish Science, solidifying ICTER’s role as a global leader in ophthalmological research and innovation.
Papers, patents and commercialization
Prof. Wojtkowski has more than 240 scientific publications and numerous patents to his credit, and his work is regularly published in leading journals. His research has earned him over 8,000 citations and widespread recognition, including fellowships in prestigious societies such as the Optical Society of America. In addition to his academic and research achievements, Prof. Wojtkowski’s entrepreneurial spirit is reflected in his role as the founder and former CEO of the biomedical spin-out company AM2M, and currently the co-founder of the In Cell Vu. His contributions to science, from pioneering OCT technology to his leadership at ICTER, continue to shape the future of medical imaging and translational research.
Publication list
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Handbook of Visual Optics, Volume Two
„Two-photon vision” chapter in “Handbook of Visual Optics, Volume Two”
10.1201/97810326966902026
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Journal of Biomedical Optics
Spatio-temporal optical coherence imaging and tomography for in vivo applications
10.1117/1.JBO.31.11.1135042026
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Optics Letters
Effect of laser-beam diameter on the visibility of two-photon stimuli
10.1364/OL.5891742026
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Biomedical Optics Express
Single-shot, depth-encoded multiplexed OCT for multi-spot tracking of induced transient corneal dynamics
10.1364/BOE.5963422026
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Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
Computational aberration correction enables full-thickness retinal imaging with adaptive optics optical coherence tomography
10.1016/j.bbe.2026.02.0022026
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Spectral Phasor Approach in Human TPEF-SLO
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=28045632025
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Photopic flicker optoretinography captures the light-driven length modulation of photoreceptors during phototransduction
10.1073/pnas.24217221222025
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Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
Imaging of retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors using Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T) without hardware-based adaptive optics
10.1016/j.bbe.2025.01.0012025
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STAR Protocols
In vivo volumetric analysis of retinal vascular hemodynamics in mice with spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography
10.1117/1.NPh.11.4.0450032024
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Biomedical Optics Express
Method for the determination of the luminance of two-photon vision stimuli
10.1364/BOE.5251802024
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Refining a Human Two-Photon Imaging System
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27957452024
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IEEE Sensors Journal
Optical coherence tomography imaging by a fully integrated MOEMS endomicroscopy probe with Mirau micro-interferometer and two axis electrothermal micro-scanner using Lissajous trajectory scanning
10.1109/JSEN.2024.33732232024
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Optics Letters
Chirped flicker optoretinography for in vivo characterization of human photoreceptors’ frequency response to light
10.1364/OL.5146372024
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Multiwavelength laser doppler holography (MLDH) in spatiotemporal optical coherence tomography (STOC-T)
10.1016/j.bbe.2024.03.0022024
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Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
Imaging the retinal and choroidal vasculature using Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T)
10.1016/j.bbe.2023.12.0022024
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SPIE Proceedings
Optimization-free method for multiple spectrometers alignment in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography
10.1117/12.26706172023
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Comparison of repeatability of visual thresholds determination for one-and two-photon vision mechanisms
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27870632023
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Biomedical Optics Express
Laser pulse train parameters determine the brightness of a two-photon stimulus
10.1364/BOE.4898902023
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Technical Digest Series
Flicker optoretinography (f-ORG) with chirped frequency stimulus for retinal tissue characterisation
10.1364/BODA.2023.JTu4B.52023
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Spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography (STOC-T) for high-resolution imaging of the human and mouse retina in vivo
10.1364/BODA.2023.DTh2A.22023
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Technical Digest Series
Clinical prototype of multi-spot air-puff OCT for assessment of corneal biomechanical asymmetry
10.1364/BODA.2023.DTh2A.12023
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Journal of Clinical Investigation
In vivo imaging of the human retina using a two-photon excited fluorescence ophthalmoscope
10.1016/j.xpro.2023.1022252023
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SPIE Proceedings
Spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography (STOC-T) focal plane adjustment in the mouse retina aided by a fundus camera
10.1117/12.26529562023
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SPIE Proceedings
Frequency characterization of human photoreceptors’ response to light with the use of chirped flicker stimulus optoretinography
10.1117/12.26496322023
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SPIE Proceedings
High-speed, in vivo, volumetric imaging of mouse retinal tissue with spatio-temporal optical coherence tomography (STOC-T)
10.1117/12.26488932023
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Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
From mouse to human: Accessing the biochemistry of vision in vivo by two-photon excitation.
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.1011702023
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Technical Digest Series
Functional and Structural Imaging of Retinal Tissue with Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography (STOC-T)
10.1364/FIO.2022.FW7D.22022
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Towards spectral sensitivity curve for two-photon vision mechanism
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27805072022
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
Two-photon excited scanning laser ophthalmoscope enables fundus imaging in healthy volunteers
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27828332022
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iScience
Spatio-Temporal Optical Coherence Tomography provides full thickness imaging of the chorioretinal complex
10.1016/j.isci.2022.1055132022
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Technical Digest Series
In vivo frequency characterization of human photoreceptors response to a flicker stimulus with optoretinography
10.1364/OCT.2022.CS3E.12022
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Technical Digest Series
Simultaneous multi-spot OCT measurements of air induced corneal deformations
10.1364/OCT.2022.CW3E.32022
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Biomedical Optics Express
Light-adapted flicker optoretinograms captured with a spatio-temporal optical coherence-tomography (STOC-T) system
10.1364/BOE.4445672022
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Biomedical Optics Express
Femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser source tunable from 872 to 1075 nm for two-photon vision studies in humans
10.1364/BOE.4526092022
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Optics Letters
Multimode fiber as a tool to reduce crosstalk in Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography
10.1364/OL.4494982022
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Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
Optical coherence tomography reveals heterogeneity of the brain tissue and vasculature in the ischemic region after photothrombotic stroke in mice
10.55782/ane‑2022‑0102022
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SPIE BiOS
Air puff-coupled multi-spot OCT for assessment of asymmetries in corneal biomechanics
10.1117/12.26095112022
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SPIE Proceedings
Towards spatially mapped frequency response of human photoreceptor length variation with flicker optoretinography
10.1117/12.26095132022
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Journal of Clinical Investigation
In vivo imaging of the human eye using a two-photon excited fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope
10.1172/JCI1542182022
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Technical Digest Series
Two-photon excited fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscope for in vivo imaging of the human eye
10.1364/TRANSLATIONAL.2022.TTu2B.42021
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
The effect of cataract on two-photon visual thresholds
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27755752021
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Technical Digest Series
Swept-sources for OCT are perceived due to two-photon vision
10.1117/12.26148502021
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Optics Letters
Multimode fiber enables control of spatial coherence in Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography for in vivo corneal imaging
10.1364/OL.4171782021
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SPIE Proceedings
Effects of laser pulse duration in two-photon vision threshold measurements
10.1117/12.25827352021
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Biomedical Optics Express
Two-photon microperimetry with picosecond pulses
10.1364/BOE.4111682020
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Analytical Chemistry
High-Throughput Monitoring of Bacterial Cell Density in Nanoliter Droplets: Label-Free Detection of Unmodified Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
10.1021/acs.analchem.0c034082020
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XIII Spanish National Meeting on Optics, Sedoptica
Applications of the ImTOPScanner for the investigation of ocular biomechanical parameters
https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/31419612020
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Industrialization Potential of Optics in Biomedicine i-POB
High-frame rate multi-meridian corneal imaging of air-puff induced deformation for improved detection of keratoconus
https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/31035342020
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Noninvasive two-photon optical biopsy of retinal fluorophores
10.1073/pnas.20075271172020
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Biomedical Optics Express
Multi-meridian corneal imaging of air-puff induced deformation for improved detection of biomechanical abnormalities
10.1364/BOE.4024022020
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Biomedical Optics Express
Longitudinal in-vivo OCM imaging of glioblastoma development in the mouse brain
10.1364/BOE.4007232020
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Biomedical Optics Express
Frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser for two-photon excited fluorescence imaging
10.1364/BOE.3968782020
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Translational Vision Science & Technology
Keratoconus Detection Based on a Single Scheimpflug Image
10.1167/tvst.9.7.362020
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Optics Letters
Computational aberration correction in spatiotemporal optical coherence (STOC) imaging
10.1364/OL.3847962020
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Biomedical Optics Express
Crosstalk-free volumetric in vivo imaging of a human retina with Fourier-domain full-field optical coherence tomography
10.1364/BOE.10.0063902019
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2019 11th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA)
Pupil detection supported by Haar feature based cascade classifier for two-photon vision examinations
10.1109/ISPA.2019.88687062019
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Biomedical Optics Express
Two-photon microperimetry: sensitivity of human photoreceptors to infrared light
10.1364/BOE.10.0045512019
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SPIE Proceedings
Solid state versus fiber picosecond infrared lasers applied to two-photon vision tests
10.1117/12.25271182019
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
The limits of perception of light by two-photon vision
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27436192019
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Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
The limits of perception of light by two-photon vision
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=27436192019
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Photonics Letters of Poland
Impact of diurnal IOP variations on the dynamic corneal hysteresis measured with air-puff swept-source OCT
10.4302/plp.v10i3.8482018
Research projects
Research groups
Physical Optics and Biophotonics
The research in our group can be seen as a perfect interplay between physics, biology and chemistry. We are focusing on developing imaging techniques and using them in many biological and chemical systems.